Hypotheses
- Infant care will be different among societies which foster parent-infant body contact and those that do not (595).Lozoff, Betsy - Birth and 'bonding' in non-industrial societies, 1983 - 4 Variables
This study examines the presence of parent-infant body contact at birth in non-industrial societies and its effects on subsequent infant care. The results show that immediate parent-infant contact is not common among most societies and does not have a significant effect on the quality of infant care.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - A characteristic infant-care pattern existed during most of human history (478).Lozoff, Betsy - Infant care: cache or carry, 1979 - 2 Variables
This article tests a hypothesis regarding patterns of infant care in non-industrial societies. The authors find that a consistent pattern of infant care that emphasizes mother-infant contact exists among hunter-gatherers and other non-industrial societies. These infant care practices differ from those found in the United states that do not promote extensive infant-mother contact.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Female premarital sex is more likely to be restricted in societies with higher direct paternal investment.Šaffa, Gabriel - Paternity Uncertainty and Parent–Offspring Conflict Explain Restrictions on ..., 2022 - 2 Variables
This study tests competing theories about whether it is men, women, or parents who benefit most from restricting female premarital sex (FPS) in a global sample of 128 non-industrial societies. The study found support for the idea that multiple parties benefit from restrictions on FPS -- specifically FPS is more restricted in societies intolerant of extramarital sex and where men transfer property to their children (male control), as well as where marriages are arranged by parents (parental control). They also found that major predictors of FPS appear to be paternity uncertainty and parent-offspring conflict. Furthermore, the study found that multiple factors such as social roles, rather than stereotyped sex roles, are a more useful approach in understanding FPS restrictions and these restrictions.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Polygyny will be positively associated with length of postpartum sex taboo (267).Korotayev, Andrey V. - Explaining current fertility dynamics in tropical Africa from an anthropolog..., 2016 - 2 Variables
This paper presents tests of the relationships between tropical African agriculture and cultural variables regulating reproduction in order to examine a theory which suggests that the lagging or absence of tropical Africa's demographic transition is the result of pervasive 'pro-natal' cultural practices. Strength of association between these factors and non-plow agriculture, the traditional method of farming in tropical Africa, leads the authors to suggest that women's larger subsistence role in these societies favors extended family households in which child-rearing responsibilities can be shared, and polygynous marriage systems in which co-wives can contribute substantially to the family's labor productivity. These, along with erosion of regulations on postpartum sex and birth spacing which were prevalent prior to modernization, are identified as characterstics which have and will continue to resist fertility decline.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Plow agriculture will be negatively associated with presence of polygyny (265).Korotayev, Andrey V. - Explaining current fertility dynamics in tropical Africa from an anthropolog..., 2016 - 2 Variables
This paper presents tests of the relationships between tropical African agriculture and cultural variables regulating reproduction in order to examine a theory which suggests that the lagging or absence of tropical Africa's demographic transition is the result of pervasive 'pro-natal' cultural practices. Strength of association between these factors and non-plow agriculture, the traditional method of farming in tropical Africa, leads the authors to suggest that women's larger subsistence role in these societies favors extended family households in which child-rearing responsibilities can be shared, and polygynous marriage systems in which co-wives can contribute substantially to the family's labor productivity. These, along with erosion of regulations on postpartum sex and birth spacing which were prevalent prior to modernization, are identified as characterstics which have and will continue to resist fertility decline.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - When the father sleeps in a separate hut, mother-baby sleeping arrangements (in same or separate beds) will only be weakly associated with circumcision (279).Kitahara, Michio - Social contact versus bodily contact: a qualitative difference between fathe..., 1978 - 2 Variables
This article draws on psychoanalytic theory and a previous study by Whiting (1964) to test the relationship between parent-child sleeping arrangements, particularly the implied social distance of fathers, and the presence of circumcision for males. Circumcision is assumed to be a social correction for mother-oriented personality in sons.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Polygynous societies that engage in a long postpartum sexual taboo will be positively associated with male circumcision at puberty when the factor of living-quarter arrangements is controlled (206)Kitahara, Michio - Polygyny: insufficient father-son contact and son's masculine identity, 1976 - 4 Variables
The purpose of this article is to examine circumcision and segregation of males at puberty. It is suggested that when the son has insufficient contact with his father due to the separation caused by polygynous relationships, the son may develop a feminine personality. The significance of this is compared with the significance of a close mother-son relationship.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Polygynous societies, where cowives and their children live in separate quarters, will be positively associated with male circumcision at puberty when the factor of the length of a postpartum sexual taboo is controlled (207)Kitahara, Michio - Polygyny: insufficient father-son contact and son's masculine identity, 1976 - 4 Variables
The purpose of this article is to examine circumcision and segregation of males at puberty. It is suggested that when the son has insufficient contact with his father due to the separation caused by polygynous relationships, the son may develop a feminine personality. The significance of this is compared with the significance of a close mother-son relationship.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - For societies in which the mother and son do not sleep in the same bed, father-son sleeping distance will be more weakly associated with circumcision than in societies where the mother and son sleep in the same bed (281).Kitahara, Michio - Social contact versus bodily contact: a qualitative difference between fathe..., 1978 - 2 Variables
This article draws on psychoanalytic theory and a previous study by Whiting (1964) to test the relationship between parent-child sleeping arrangements, particularly the implied social distance of fathers, and the presence of circumcision for males. Circumcision is assumed to be a social correction for mother-oriented personality in sons.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - In a multiple regression including non-sororal polygyny and marrying enemies as predictors, pathogen stress will not be significantly related to father-infant sleeping distance (108).Ember, Carol R. - War and socialization of children: comparing two evolutionary models, 2007 - 4 Variables
This article presents two evolutionary models that may explain relationships between war and socialization of children: the "environmentally contingent reproductive strategy" (ECRS) model put forward by Draper and Harpending (1982), and a model put forward by Carol and Melvin Ember. Results do not provide support for the hypotheses involving father-infant sleeping proximity derived from the ECRS model. The authors also find some inconsistencies with their own model.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author