Independence Training

Scope Note

Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning dependence in children and the development of independence; culturally prescribed age levels for the achievement of independence; incidence and treatment of dependent behavior (e.g., clinging to parents, tattling); induration to heat, cold, pain, fatigue (e.g., exposure, ordeals, flogging); instilling of courage; teaching of self-reliance and readiness to assume responsibility; training in cooperation and competitiveness; instilling of levels of aspiration (e.g., for knowledge, for skills, for social advancement); reactions of children to demands for independence; etc.