Abstract
Little is known about gendered substance use in small-scale societies. Several neurobiological, political-economic, cultural-normative, and symbolic models have attempted to explain gendered use but pull from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies. This study provides a foundation for investigating explanation of gendered use by outlining domains of substance use. Additionally, this paper confirms a male-biased substance use pattern throughout the ethnographic record and finds female drug use to be correlated with references to houses, food, people, and children.