The article examines whether cultural groups tend to use supernatural beliefs more to explain natural phenomena or social phenomena. Analysis of ethnographic text from 114 diverse societies reveals that supernatural explanations are more common for natural phenomena, consistent with the theory that humans tend to perceive intent and agency in the natural world. However, supernatural explanations of social phenomena were more prevalent in urbanized societies with greater social complexity and anonymity. The study highlights how people use supernatural beliefs to explain their world and how this varies across small-scale and urbanized communities.

This article investigates the relationships between culturally defined frustrating agents and various types of culturally defined targets of aggressive response. Findings indicate relationships between extrapunitive outlook and extrapunitive responsiveness and impunitive outlook and impunitive responsiveness.