Hypotheses
- "Adults will be better judges of line lengths in the Muller-Lyer figure (i.e., be less illusion susceptible) than will children" (79)Bornstein, Marc H. - The psychophysiological component of cultural difference in color naming and..., 1973 - 2 Variables
This article examines the variation in color naming and susceptibility to visual illusions cross-culturally. Results suggest a geographic patterning of color naming and illusion susceptibility which parallels the distribution of eye pigmentation.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - "The distribution of color term 'confusions' runs in geographic parallel with increasing skin and eye pigmentation. [This is] typically manifest in [confusing green and blue] or perceiving blue or green and blue as darker or black" (42, 69)Bornstein, Marc H. - The psychophysiological component of cultural difference in color naming and..., 1973 - 2 Variables
This article examines the variation in color naming and susceptibility to visual illusions cross-culturally. Results suggest a geographic patterning of color naming and illusion susceptibility which parallels the distribution of eye pigmentation.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Differences in visual inference systems will vary with ecological and cultural factors in the visual environment (770).Segall, Marshall H. - Cultural differences in the perception of geometric illusions, 1963 - 2 Variables
"Data from 15 societies are presented in an effort to show substantial intersocietal differences of two types in susceptibility to geometric optical illusions. The results suggest the existence of different habits of perceptual inference which relate to cultural and ecological factors in the visual environment."
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Greater population sizes will predict a greater number of specializations.Ben-Oren, Yotam - Cultural specialization as a double-edged sword: division into specialized g..., 2023 - 2 Variables
This article presents a model of cultural evolution simulating the accumulation of tools in specialized and non-specialized populations under different demographic and environmental scenarios. The model predicts that the relationship between population size and repertoire size is nonlinear and can differ between non-specialized and specialized populations. For small population sizes, the non-specialized populations maintain knowledge better and therefore reach higher average repertoire sizes. In large populations, specialized populations can reach higher average repertoire sizes. This is because non-specialized population's total repertoire size is limited by the capacity of individuals to accumulate knowledge of different skills, while in specialized populations, each individual needs to know only a fraction of the population's repertoire. However, the model also predicts that specialized populations are more susceptible to information loss due to their subdivision of knowledge, and this can be amplified by demographic and environmental factors. The authors also use ethnographic data to analyze the relationship between population size and degree of craft specialization of societies, and how this may be influenced by ecological factors.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Concentration of political power will be associated with socioeconomic complexity, socialization for obedience versus self-reliance, imposed social control, and father’s role in childrearing (235).Ross, Marc Howard - Socioeconomic complexity, socialization, and political differentiation: a cr..., 1981 - 5 Variables
This article examines structural and dispositional explanations for complexity of political institutions. Analysis suggests that both socioeconomic organization and socialization variables are useful in understanding the concentration, specialization, and centralization of political power, but socioeconomic organization variables have stronger associations.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Political specialization will be associated with socioeconomic complexity, socialization for obedience versus self-reliance, imposed social control, and father’s role in childrearing (235).Ross, Marc Howard - Socioeconomic complexity, socialization, and political differentiation: a cr..., 1981 - 5 Variables
This article examines structural and dispositional explanations for complexity of political institutions. Analysis suggests that both socioeconomic organization and socialization variables are useful in understanding the concentration, specialization, and centralization of political power, but socioeconomic organization variables have stronger associations.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - The presence of female controlled organizations and positions will be positively associated with socioeconomic complexity and negatively associated with external conflict and intercommunity marriage (843, 848).Ross, Marc Howard - Female political participation: a cross-cultural explanation, 1986 - 4 Variables
This paper explores societal-level mechanisms associated with women’s participation in and exclusion from political life. Analysis suggests there are two statistically independent types of female political participation: involvement in decision-making and the existence of positions controlled by or reserved for women. Multiple regression analysis identifies several social-structural, psychocultural, and behavioral correlates for both types of female political participation and explanatory theory is discussed.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Leaders deploy cognitive, social, material, and somatic capital to provide benefits and impose costs onto followers.Garfield, Zachary H. - Universal and variable leadership dimensions across human societies, 2020 - 6 Variables
This study seeks to better understand different forms of leadership across non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies, and tests evolutionary theories regarding the qualities of leaders, their functions, and the costs and benefits they incur and provide as a part of their leadership. The authors assess the various aspects of leaders and leadership by coding 109 dimensions of leadership as represented in eHRAF World Cultures, using the Probability Sample Files, comprised on 60 cultures. By assessing the prevalence of each of these dimensions in the various cultures under consideration, the authors were able to ascertain some largely universal characteristics of leaders: that they 1) were judged intelligent and knowledgeable; 2) resolved conflicts; and 3) received material and social benefits. They also found that other dimensions varied by considerably group context (e.g., kin group leaders tended to be older), subsistence strategy (e.g., hunter-gatherer leaders tend to lack coercive authority), and gender (e.g., female leaders are more associated with family contexts). Further analyses showed that followers and leaders both benefited from leadership, and that shamans constitute a new brand of leader that both utilizes prestige and dominance in order to effectively rule.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Female political activity will be positively associated with internal conflict and warm/affectionate socialization practices and negatively associated with external conflict and fraternal interest group strength (843, 848-9).Ross, Marc Howard - Female political participation: a cross-cultural explanation, 1986 - 5 Variables
This paper explores societal-level mechanisms associated with women’s participation in and exclusion from political life. Analysis suggests there are two statistically independent types of female political participation: involvement in decision-making and the existence of positions controlled by or reserved for women. Multiple regression analysis identifies several social-structural, psychocultural, and behavioral correlates for both types of female political participation and explanatory theory is discussed.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author - Strength in cross-cutting ties in decentralized societies, intercommunity marriage in decentralized societies, matrilocality, fraternal interest group strength, polygyny, socioeconomic complexity, political power concentration, harsh socialization practices, affectionate socialization practices, and male gender identity conflict will be positively associated with external conflict and violence (552)Ross, Marc Howard - Internal and external conflict and violence: cross-cultural evidence and a n..., 1985 - 11 Variables
This article suggests a general theory of conflict and violence that may help explain the conditions under which internal conflict co-occur or are differentiated.
Related Hypotheses Cite More By Author