Some correlates of beliefs in the malevolence and benevolence of supernatural beings: a cross societal study

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology • Vol/Iss. 58 • Published In • Pages: 162-169 •
By Lambert, William W., Triandis, Leigh Minturn, Wolf, Margery

Hypothesis

"Societies with beliefs in aggressive supernaturals . . . had fewer nurturant agents, protected the infant less from environmental discomforts, showed him less affection, were more inconsistent in caring for his needs, and took less care of his needs" (168)

Test

Test NameSupportSignificanceCoefficientTail
Comparison of percentagesSupportedabove .10UNKNOWNUNKNOWN

Variables

Variable NameVariable Type OCM Term(s)
Deity Benevolent Or AggressiveDependentSpirits And Gods
Diffusion Of Nurturance In InfancyIndependentInfant Care
Display Of Affection For InfantIndependentInfant Care
Drive Reduction (infant)IndependentInfant Care
Protect Infant From Environmental DiscomfortsIndependentInfant Care

Related Hypotheses

Main AuthorHypothesis
Rosenblatt, Paul C."Individuals [in societies where there is] inadequate satisfaction of early oral . . . needs are more concerned with affection as adults than are those who have been adequately satisfied" (336)
Roman, George-ValentinCultural parental attitudes, such as affection towards children, indulgence in children’s behavior, responsiveness to children’s needs, children’s autonomy, and father involvement are correlated with the absence or presence of corporal punishment.
Lambert, William W."Societies with predominantly aggressive deities and with high pain in the treatment of infants have capricious gods; societies with . . . benevolent deities and with low pain in infant treatment lack capricious gods" (167)
Stewart, Robert A. C.Findings: A factor analysis of key dimensions to describe a given culture yielded 12 factors. Factor 9, "child affection and indulgence", loaded highly and positively on high indulgence of infant and child; high display of affection to infant; high degree of drive reduction and satisfaction immediacy. Factor 9 loaded negatively on high inferred conflict regarding responsible, obedient, and self-reliant behavior for child; high degree of pain inflicted on infant by nurturant agent (61-62)
Textor, Robert B. Societies displaying high rates of affection towards infants will have medium or high rates of gender separation during adolescence (368, 317).