Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study
American Journal of Human Biology • Vol/Iss. 35(11) • John Wiley & Sons, Ltd • • Published In • Pages: e23943 •
By Caffé, Beatrice, Blackwell, Aaron, Fehrenkamp, Bethaney D., Williams, Janet E., Pace, Ryan M., Lackey, Kimberly A., Ruiz, Lorena, Rodríguez, Juan M., McGuire, Mark A., Foster, James A., Sellen, Daniel W., Kamau-Mbuthia, Elizabeth W., Kamundia, Egidioh W., Mbugua, Samwel, Moore, Sophie E., Prentice, Andrew M., Kvist, Linda J., Otoo, Gloria E., Pareja, Rossina G., Bode, Lars, Gebeyehu, Dubale, Gindola, Debela K., Boothman, Sarah, Flores, Katherine, McGuire, Michelle K., Meehan, Courtney, L.
Hypothesis
Concentrations of milk immune factors vary in response to maternal condition and sex of infant.
Note
Only IgG concentrations were found to be lower in milk produced by women with low diet-diversity and with male infants. (β = 0.099, P = .037)
| Test Name | Support | Significance | Coefficient | Tail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear mixed-effects models | Partially Supported | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN |
| Variable Name | Variable Type | OCM Term(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Concentrations of milk immune factors | Dependent | Infant Feeding |
| Infant sex | Independent | Birth Statistics, Infant Care |
| Maternal body mass index (BMI) | Independent | Anthropometry, Postnatal Care |
| Maternal diet diversity | Independent | Nutrition, Diet, Postnatal Care |