Ecological and cultural factors underlying the global distribution of prejudice
PLOS ONE • Vol/Iss. 14(9) • Public Library of Science • • Published In • Pages: e0221953 •
By Jackson, Joshua C., van Egmond, Marieke, Choi, Virginia K., Ember, Carol R., Halberstadt, Jasmin, Balanovic, Jovana, Basker, Inger N., Boehnke, Klaus, Buki, Noemi, Fischer, Ronald, Fülöp, Marta, Fulmer, Ashley, Homan, Astrid C., van Kleef, Gerben A., Kreemers, Loes, Schei, Vidar, Szabo, Erna, Ward, Colleen, Gelfand, Michele J.
Hypothesis
Higher cultural tightness is correlated with higher prejudice toward other groups of people.
Note
In the first study using nations as cases, the variables measuring prejudice are prejudices toward people of a different "race" (p=.004), people of a different religion (p < .001), people who speak a different language (p = .04), gay people (p = .03), immigrants (p < .001), and unmarried cohabitants (p < .001.). In the second study using 50 U.S. states as cases, the variables measuring prejudice are whether or not people are opposed to marrying an African American person (p <.001), a Jewish person (p = .005), a Hispanic person (p <.001), or an Asian person (p < .001), and do not support gay marriage (p = .002). In the third study using 50 U.S. states, the variables measuring implicit prejudice are racism (p <.001) and homophobia (p<.004). In the fourth study using 47 societies from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, the variables measuring prejudice are hostility and acceptance of violence toward other societies (p=.005). In the fifth study using individuals from four countries with experimental prompts, support for cultural tightness predicts higher prejudice (p=0.1). In the sixth and seventh studies, cultural tightness predicted prejudice for both Americans (p<.001) and French (p<.001).
| Test Name | Support | Significance | Coefficient | Tail |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-level regression analyses | Supported | p = .004 (first study) / p < .001 (second study) / p < .001 (third study) / p=.005 (forth study) / p=0.1 (fifth study) / p<.001 (sixth study) / p<.001 (seventh study) | b = .05 (first study) / b = .02 (second study) / b = .002 (third study) / b = .85 (forth study) / b = .06 (fifth study) / b=.26 (sixth study) / b=.37 (seventh study) | UNKNOWN |
| Variable Name | Variable Type | OCM Term(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Cultural Tightness | Independent | NONE |
| Rise of prejudice | Dependent | Cultural Identity And Pride, Ethnic Stratification, Homosexuality, Linguistic Identification, Premarital Sex Relations, Religious Intolerance And Martyrs |