Universal and variable leadership dimensions across human societies

Note

The authors identified ten clusters of dimensions that were associated with one another and then associated them with features common in leaders: 1) cultural conformity and 2) prosocial competencies, which were part of a larger cluster of 3) prosocial qualities; 4) social, reproductive, and material success and 5) competencies, which were part of a larger cluster of 6) individual qualities; 7) strategy and 8) organization, which were part of a larger cluster of 9) management, and 10) prosociality. They found that these clusters corresponded well with evolutionary theories of leadership, except for the "competencies" cluster, which combined aspects of dominant leaders and prestige-based leaders.